The designers coined the term sampling to describe its features The Fairlight CMI, a sampler and synthesizer released in 1979. British producer Brian Eno cited German musician Holger Czukay's experiments with Dictaphones and shortwave radios as examples of early sampling. Jamaican immigrants introduced dub sampling techniques to American hip hop music in the 1970s. In the 1960s, Jamaican dub reggae producers such as King Tubby and Lee "Scratch" Perry began using pre-recorded samples of reggae rhythms to produce riddim tracks, which were then deejayed over. Musique concrète was brought to a mainstream audience by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, which used these early sampling techniques to produce soundtracks for shows including Doctor Who. Ĭomposers including John Cage, Edgar Varèse, Karheinz Stockhausen and Iannis Xenakis experimented with musique concrète, and Bebe and Louis Barron used it to create the first totally electronic film soundtrack, for the 1956 science fiction film Forbidden Planet. Schaeffer developed the Phonogene, which played loops at 12 different pitches triggered by a keyboard. The method also involved tape loops, splicing lengths of tape end to end so a sound could be played indefinitely. He used sounds from sources such as the human body, locomotives, and kitchen utensils. In the 1940s, French composer Pierre Schaeffer developed musique concrète, an experimental form of music created by recording sounds to tape, splicing them, and manipulating them to create sound collages. The Phonogene, a 1940s instrument which plays back sounds from tape loopsįoley, the reproduction of sound effects, had existed since the 1920s. 2016) found that unlicensed samples constituted de minimis copying, and therefore did not infringe copyright. However, in VMG Salsoul v Ciccone, 824 F.3d 871 (9th Cir. 2005), the courts ruled that unlicensed sampling constitutes copyright infringement. Courts have taken different positions on whether sampling without permission is permitted. The process of acquiring permission for a sample is known as clearance, a potentially complex and costly process samples from well-known sources are now often prohibitively expensive. Sampling without permission can infringe copyright or may be fair use. The first album created entirely from samples, Endtroducing by DJ Shadow, was released in 1996. Samples such as the Amen break, " Funky Drummer" drum break, and orchestra hit have been used in thousands of recordings. Sampling has since influenced many genres of music, particularly electronic music and pop. Sampling is a foundation of hip hop music, which emerged with 1980s producers sampling funk and soul records, particularly drum breaks.
As technology improved, cheaper stand-alone samplers with more memory emerged, such as the E-mu Emulator, Akai S950, and Akai MPC. The term sampling was coined in the late 1970s by the creators of the Fairlight CMI, a synthesizer with the ability to record and play back short sounds.
The mid-20th century saw the introduction of keyboard instruments that played sounds recorded on tape, such as the Mellotron.
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They are usually integrated using hardware ( samplers) or software such as digital audio workstations.Ī process similar to sampling originated in the 1940s with musique concrète, experimental music created by splicing and looping tape. Samples may comprise elements such as rhythm, melody, speech, sounds, or entire bars of music, and may be layered, equalized, sped up or slowed down, repitched, looped, or otherwise manipulated. In music, sampling is the reuse of a portion (or sample) of a sound recording in another recording.
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